On the Lane of Nostalgia

OK, this is the day. My Grand Mom traveled to heaven.. and i was not with her :(  i met her last week while at home and it was an amazing feeling to be with her every time i visited home..  i always missed her since my childhood as she used to hop to different places through the year to my other Uncle's houses in North East India and was there with my dad for last few years and those are the only years, i have started working and left from home looking for the better future (which is still needs to be achieved though! )

I miss those talks with her about her various trips, long stories in the dark winter nights and those dishes which she used to make for us.

I remember whenever she comes to our house, and if i have some exams she was like my alarm and wakes me up at 4am or 5am whatever time i tell her..

I have seen very less ladies like her who are so strong in in their seventies and eighties doing all work ( i think its the effect of that hard work she had done in her younger age)... She used to tell us many stories of her doing hard work like fetching water, then making food for whole huge family and followed by the other daily household chores. Along side she used to travel a lot, from amarnath to kanyakumari, dwarka to asaam ad arunachal. And now a days with all the resource, we are still not able to do the normal things.

...More will be added soon..!

DADI..  U WILL BE MISSED!!!!!!!!!!!!!

GOP Structure

A GOP can contain the following picture types:

• I-picture or I-frame (intra coded picture) - reference picture, which represents a fixed image and which is independent of other picture types. Each GOP begins with this type of picture.
• P-picture or P-frame (predictive coded picture) - contains motion-compensated difference information from the preceding I- or P-frame.
• B-picture or B-frame (bidirectionally predictive coded picture) - contains difference information from the preceding and following I- or P-frame within a GOP.
• D-picture or D-frame (DC direct coded picture) - serves the fast advance.

A GOP always begins with an I-frame. Afterwards several P-frames follow, in each case with some frames distance. In the remaining gaps are B-frames. A few video codecs allow for more than one I-frame in a GOP.

The I-frames contain the full image and do not require any additional information to reconstruct it. Therefore any errors within the GOP structure are corrected by the next I-frame. B-frames within a GOP only propagate errors in H.264, where B-frames can be referenced by other pictures in order to increase compression efficiency.

The more I-frames the video stream has, the more editable it is. However, having more I-frames increases the stream size. In order to save bandwidth and disk space, videos prepared for internet broadcast often have only one I-frame per GOP.

The GOP structure is often referred by two numbers, for example M=3, N=12. The first one tells the distance between two anchor frames (I or P): it is the GOP size. The second one tells the distance between two full images (I-frames): it is the GOP length. For the example M=3 N=12, the GOP structure is IBBPBBPBBPBBI. Instead of the M parameter one can use the maximal count of B-frames between two consecutive anchor frames.

Many recent codecs employ GOP size with another parameter called Intra-Period or Intra-Refresh Period. An Intra Period always specifies the length between two consecutive I-Frames. In this case, when Intra Period is specified, The GOP length indicates the length between an I-Frame and a P-Frame. For example, consider a sequence with pattern IBBBPBBBPBBBPBBBIBBBPB.... In this case, the Intra Period is equal to 16 (length between two I frames) and GOP Size is equal to 4 (length between I and P frames or length between two consecutive P Frames).